Sources in the history of algebra before 1600
A comprehensive database of problems is in progress. The current sources are listed below.
The database currently contains
197 manuscripts, books, and reprints, and
1259 problems.
[EDITIONS] gives an expanded list of (all) editions and translations.
[CONSPECTUS] gives an overview of some selected problems in PDF format.
[IMAGE] If this work in some edition is available in digital form.
[N PROBLEMS] gives the original text and a mathematical description of all problems in this work.
If you find errors or additions, please send me a
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| Brahmagupta, (628) | Bráhma-sphuta-siddhânta. , .
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| Alcuin, (800) | Propositiones alcuini doctoris caroli magni imperatoris ad acuendos juvenes. , .
[CONSPECTUS] |
| ibn Musa al-Khwārizm, Mohammed (830) | Kitab fī al-jābr wa’l-muqābalah. Bodleian CMXVIII Hunt. 214, Oxford.
[22 PROBLEMS] |
| Mahâvirâ, (850) | Ganita-sâra-samgraha. , .
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| Kāmil, Abū (900) | Kitāb, fī al-jābr wa’l- muqābala. BNF MS 7377A, Paris.
[69 PROBLEMS] |
| Alkarkhî, Aboû Beqr Mohammed (1010) | Kitâb al-Fakhr. Supp. Arabe de la Bibliothèque Impériale, MS 952, Paris.
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| Bhaskara II, (1150) | Lilavati. Edinburgh Univ. Library, Or MS. 499.
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| Bhaskara II, (1150) | Bijaganita. Edinburgh Univ. Library, Or MS. 500.
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| Fibonacci, Leonardo (1202) | Liber Abbaci. Conv. Sopp. C.1. 2616, BNC Florence.
[99 PROBLEMS] |
| Fibonacci, Leonardo (1225) | Flos. Ambrosiana E.75 P. sup, Milan.
[15 PROBLEMS] |
| von Stade, Abbot Albert (1240) | Annales Stadenses. , .
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| de Florentia, Jacobus (1307) | Tractatus algorismi. Biblioteca Riccardiana, Ricc. 2263, Milan.
[15 PROBLEMS] |
| ben Ezra, Abraham (1325) | Liber augmenti et diminutionis vocatus numeratio divinationis, ex eo quod sapientes Indi posuerunt, quem Abraham compilavit et secundum librum qui Indorum dictus est composuit.. BNF, Lat. 9335, Paris.
[33 PROBLEMS] |
| Gherardi, Paolo (1327) | Libro di ragioni. Codici Magliabechiani Classe XI, No. 87, Bib. Naz. di Firenze.
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| Biagio, il vecchio (1340) | Trattato di praticha d’arismetricha. Codice L.IV.21, Siena.
[114 PROBLEMS] |
| de Murs, Jean (1343) | Opus quadripartitum numerorum sive de mensurandi ratione. Paris latin 14736, Fol. 23r-110r, .
[45 PROBLEMS] |
| Maestro Dardi, of Pisa (1344) | Aliabraa-Argibra. Ms. I. VII. 17 (c. 1470), Siena.
[228 PROBLEMS] |
| Anonymous, (1365) | Trattato dell’Alcibra Amuchabile. Biblioteca Riccardiana 2263, Florence.
[41 PROBLEMS] |
| de' Mazzinghi, Antonio (1390) | Trattato di fioretti. L. IV. 21, Siena.
[44 PROBLEMS] |
| Bartoli, Francesco (1425) | Memorial. Ms 1 F 54, Archives départementales, Vaucluse.
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| Amann, Fridericus (1449) | Algorismus Ratisbonensis. , Regensburg.
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| Anonymous, (1450) | Sammlung arithmetischer Enigmata. Clm 8951, Münich.
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| Anonymous, (1478) | Arte dell'abbaco [Treviso Arithmetic]. Gerardus de Lisa, de Flandria, Treviso.
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| Borghi, Pietro (1484) | Qui comenza la nobel opera de arithmethica ne la qual se tracta tute cosse amercantia pertinente facta & compilata ... Erhard Ratdolt, Venezia.
[16 EDITIONS] |
| Chuquet, Nicolas (1484) | Problèmes numériques faisant suite et servant d'application au Triparty en la science des nombres de Nicolas Chuquet Parisien. Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. No. 1346, Paris.
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| Widmann, Johannes (1489) | Behede vnd hubsche Rechenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft. Conrad Kachelofen, Leipzig.
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| Calandri, Philippo (1491) | Pictagoras arithmetrice introductor. L. de Morgiani & Giovanni da Maganza, Firenze.
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| Pacioli, Lucca (1494) | Sûma de Arithmetica Geometria Proportioni et Proportionalità. Paganino de Paganini, Venezia.
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| Hungaria, Georgius of (1499) | Arithmeticae Summa Tripartita. fratres s. Michaelis, Schonhoviae.
[CONSPECTUS] |
| Calandri, Filippo (1500) | Aritmetica. Biblioteca Riccardiana, Codex 1669, Firenze.
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| Calandri, Filippo (1500) | Una Raccolta di Ragioni. Biblioteca Comunale, Codex L.VI.45, Siena.
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| Anonymous, (1508) | Die Maniere om te leeren cijffren na die rechte consten Algorisme. Int ghehelle end int ghebroken. Thomas van der Noot, Brussel.
[16 EDITIONS] |
| Blasius, Joannes Martinus (1513) | Liber Arithmetice Practice Astrologis Phisicis et Calculatioribus admodum utilis. Joannis Parui & Joannis Lambert, Paris.
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| Ries, Adam (1518) | Rechnung auff der linihin. Mathes Males, Erfurt.
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| Schreyber, Heinrich (1518) | Ayn new kunstlich Buech welches gar gewiss vnd behend lernet nach der gemainen Regel Detre, welschen practic, ... Johannem Stüchs, Nürnberg.
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| Ghaligai, Francesco (1521) | Summa de arithmetica. Bernardo Zucchetta, Firenze.
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| Ries, Adam (1522) | Rechenung auff der linihen und fdern in zal / mass und gewicht auff alleley handierung .... Mathes Maler, Erfurt.
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| Feliciano, Francesco (1524) | Libro di abacho / nouamente composto per magistro Fra[n]cesco Feliciano da Lazesio veronese ; in quale insegna a fare molte ragione mercantile & come rispondeno li precii & monete nouamente stampato.. Francesco Bindoni, & Mapheo Pasini, Vineggia.
[2 EDITIONS] |
| Ries, Adam (1524) | Die Coss I. Sächsische Landesbibliothek Dresden, Codex C80.
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| Rudolff, Christoff (1525) | Behend vnnd Hubsch Rechnung durch die kunstreichen regeln Algebre so gemeinlicklich die Coss genent werden.. Vuolfius Cephaleus Joanni Jung, Strassburg.
[2 EDITIONS] [240 PROBLEMS] |
| Feliciano, Francesco (1526) | Libro di arithmetica [e] geometria speculatiua [e] praticale / composto per maestro Francesco Feliciano da Lazisio veronesi intitulato Scala gramaldelli. Frācesco di Alessandro Bindoni, & P, Vinegia.
[12 EDITIONS] [IMAGE] |
| Apianus, Petrus (1527) | Eyn Newe Unnd wolgegründte underweysung aller Kauffmanss Rechnung in dreyen Büchern ... Georgius Apianus, Ingolstadt.
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| Gherardi, Paolo (1527) | Liber habaci. Codici Magliabechiani Classe XI, no. 88, Bib. Naz. di Firenze.
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| Varenbrakens, Christianus van (1532) | Die edel conste Arithmetica. Hs. 2141, Ghent Univ. Library.
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| Nunez, Pedro (1533) | Algebra. Municipal Library of Évora, Portugal, Codex cxiii/1-10.
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| Hoecke, Gielis van den (1537) | Een sonderlinghe boeck in dye edel conste Arithmetica. Symon Cock, Antwerpen.
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| Cardano, Girolamo (1539) | Practica Arithmetice, & Mensurandi Singularis. Bernardini Calusci, Milano.
[IMAGE] |
| Frisius, Gemma (1540) | Arithmeticae practicae methodus facilis. Gregorius Bonte, Antwerpen.
[69 EDITIONS] [IMAGE] |
| Recorde, Robert (1543) | The groud of artes teachyng the worke and practise of arithmetike. R. Wolfe, London.
[IMAGE] |
| Stifel, Michael (1544) | Arithmetica Integra. Johann Petreius, Nürnberg.
[132 PROBLEMS] |
| Stifel, Michael (1545) | Deutsche arithmetica. Inhaltend. Die Haussrechnung, Deutsche coss, Kirchrechnung. Johann Petreius, Nürnberg.
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| Cardano, Girolamo (1545) | Artis Magnae sive de Regulis Algebraicis Liber Unus.. Joh. Petreium, Nürnberg.
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| Barres, Antonius des (1545) | Arithmeticae Practicae Libri IV. Iacobvm Bathen, Leuven.
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| Stifel, Michael (1546) | Rechenbuch von der Welschen vnd Deutschen Practick auff allerely Vorthyl vnd Behendigkeit... Johann Petreius, Nürnberg.
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| Peletier, Jacques (1549) | L’algebre de Iaques Peletier dv Mans, departie an deus liures. A l’Enseigne du Pelican, Potiers.
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| Cardano, Girolamo (1550) | De Subtilitate Libri XXI. J. Petreium, Nürnberg.
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| Scheubel, Johann (1550) | Evclidis Megarensis, philosophi & mathematici excellentissimi, sex libri priores, de geometricis principijs, ... Ioannem Hervagium, Basel.
[52 PROBLEMS] |
| Ries, Adam (1550) | Die Coss II. Sächsische Landesbibliothek Dresden, Codex C349.
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| Mennher, Valentin (1550) | Practique brifve pour cyfrer et tenir livres de compte touchant le principal train de marchandise. Jan van der Loë, Antwerpen.
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| Ries, Adam (1550) | Rechnung nach der lenge, auff den Linihen und Feder.. , Jacobum Berwalt.
[CONSPECTUS] |
| Ramus, Peter (1555) | Arithmeticae libri tres. A. Wechel, Paris.
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| Bombelli, Rafael (1556) | Algebra. Archiginnasio Library, Bologna, Codex B. 1569.
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| Tartaglia, Nicolo (1556) | General Trattato di Numeri et Misure. Curtio Troiano, Venezia.
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| Cardano, Girolamo (1557) | De Rerum Varietate. Henricus Petrus, Basel.
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| Recorde, Robert (1557) | The whetstone of witte whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmetike ... Ihon Kyngston, London.
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| Buteo, Johannes (1559) | Logistica, quae et arithmetica vulgo dicitur, in libros quinque digesta.... Gvlielmvm Rovillivm, Lyon.
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| Nunez, Pedro (1567) | Libro de algebra en arithmetica y geometria, compuesto por el Doctor Pedro Nuñez, Cosmographo Mayor del Rey de Portugal, y Cathedratico Iubilado en la Cathedra de Mathematicas en la Vniuersidad ... Arnoldo Birckman a la Gallina gorda, Antwerp.
[110 PROBLEMS] |
| Baker, Humfrey (1568) | The vvell spryng of sciences whiche teacheth the perfecte woorke and practise of arithmeticke, ... By Ihon Kyngston, for Iames Rowbothum, London.
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| Gucht, Adriaen vander (1569) | Cijfer bouck inhoudende vele nieuwe fraye ende gherieuighe Practijcken van Arithmetica. Pieter de Clerck, Brugge.
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| Gori, Dionigi (1571) | Libro di arimetricha. Biblioteca Comunale, L. IV. 23, Siena.
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| Bombelli, Rafael (1572) | L'algebra : parte maggiore dell'arimetica: divisa in tre libri. Giovanni Rossi, Bologna.
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| Gosselin, Guillaume (1577) | De arte magna, seu de occulta parte numerorum, quae & algebra, & almucabala vulgo dicitur, libri qvatvor. Aegidium Beys, Paris.
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| Digges, Thomas (1579) | An arithmeticall militare treatise, named Stratioticos compendiously teaching the science of numbers. Henrie Bynneman, London.
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| Raets, Willem (1580) | Arithmetica: oft, Een niew cijfferboeck. Hendrik Hendricksen, Antwerpen.
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| Petri, Nicolas (1583) | Practique om te leeren rekenen cypheren ende boeckhouwen met die regel Coss... , .
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| Viète, François (1591) | In artem analyticem isagoge. Seorsim excussa ab Opere restituae mathematicae analyseos, seu algebra nova. Iametium Mettayer, .
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| Faulhaber, Johannes (1604) | Arithmetischer Cubicossischer Lustgarten. Erhard Cellius, Tübingen.
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| Clavius, Christoph (1608) | Algebra. Zanetti, Roma.
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| Bachet, Claude Gaspar (1612) | Problemes plaisans et delectables, qui se font par les nombres partie recueillis de divers autheurs, .... Pierre Rigaud, Lyon.
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| Leurechon, Jean (1624) | Récréation mathématique, composée de plusieurs problèmes plaisants et facétieux. , .
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| Hunt, Nicolas (1631) | Newe Recreation, or the Mindes release and solacing in a rare and exquisite invention for the exercising of acute Wits... Aug. Math[hewes] for Luke Faune, London.
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| Leybourn, William (1667) | Arithmetical recreations, or, Enchiridion of arithmetical questions both delightful and profitable ... Hen. Brome and Sam. Speed, London.
[CONSPECTUS] [IMAGE] |
| Ozanam, Jacques (1694) | Recreations mathematiques et physiques, qui contiennent plusieurs problêmes d' arithmetique,... Jean Jombert, Paris.
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| Leybourn, William (1694) | Pleasure with profit: consisting of recreations of divers kinds, viz., numerical, ... Richard Baldwin, and John Dunton, London.
[CONSPECTUS] [IMAGE] |
| Newton, Isaac (1707) | Arithmetica Universalis. Benj. Tooke, London.
[IMAGE] |
| Euler, Leonard (1770) | Vollständige Anleitung zur Algebra. Kaiserliche Akademie, St. Petersburg.
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